Ubuntu is designed primarily for desktop use, although
netbook and
server editions exist as well. Web statistics suggest that Ubuntu's share of
Linux desktop usage is about 50%, and indicate upward-trending usage as a web server. Ubuntu holds an estimated global usage of more than 12 million desktop users, and it is considered by
DistroWatch to be the most popular distribution of Linux.
History and development process
Ubuntu is a
fork of the
Debian project's
codebase. The original aim of the Ubuntu team was to create an easy-to-use (freedom for users rather than freedom for programmers) Linux desktop with new releases scheduled on a predictable six-month basis, resulting in a more frequently updated system.
Ubuntu's first release was on 20 October 2004. Since then, Canonical has released new versions of Ubuntu every six months
with commitment to support each release for eighteen months by providing security fixes,
patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. It was decided that every fourth release, issued on a two-year basis, would receive long-term support (LTS). LTS releases are supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server.
The latest LTS release is Ubuntu 10.04 (
Lucid Lynx), released on 29 April 2010, while the latest normal release is Ubuntu 11.04 (
Natty Narwhal), released on 28 April 2011.
Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's
unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's
deb package format and package management tools (
APT and
Synaptic). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily
binary compatible with each other, however, and sometimes .deb packages may need to be rebuilt from
source to be used in Ubuntu. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian, although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. In the past,
Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, has expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible. Before release, packages are imported from
Debian Unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. A month before release, imports are
frozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together.
Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005,
Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd. announced the creation of the
Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and
development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an "emergency fund" (in case Canonical's involvement ends).
On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd party
cloud management platforms, such as for those used at
Amazon EC2.
Features
Ubuntu is composed of many software packages, the vast majority of which are distributed under a
free software license. The only exceptions are some
proprietary hardware drivers. The main license used is the
GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) which, along with the
GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), explicitly declares that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change, develop and improve the software. On the other hand, there is also proprietary software available that can run on Ubuntu. Ubuntu focuses on
usability, security and stability. The Ubiquity installer allows Ubuntu to be installed to the hard disk from within the
Live CD environment, without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizes
accessibility and
internationalization to reach as many people as possible. Beginning with 5.04,
UTF-8 became the default
character encoding, which allows for support of a variety of non-Roman scripts. As a security feature, the
sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, allowing the root account to remain locked, and preventing inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.
PolicyKit is also being widely implemented into the desktop to further
harden the system through the
principle of least privilege.
Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software that includes
LibreOffice (
OpenOffice in versions prior to 11.04) ,
Firefox,
Empathy (
Pidgin in versions before 9.10),
Transmission,
GIMP (in versions prior to 10.04), and several lightweight games (such as
Sudoku and
chess). Additional software that is not installed by default can be downloaded and installed using the
Ubuntu Software Center or the
package manager Synaptic, which come pre-installed. Ubuntu allows
networking ports to be closed using its
firewall, with customized port selection available. End-users can install
Gufw (GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall) and keep it enabled.
GNOME (the former default desktop) offers support for more than 46 languages. Ubuntu can also run many programs designed for
Microsoft Windows (such as
Microsoft Office), through
Wine or using a Virtual Machine (such as
VMware Workstation or
VirtualBox). For the current 11.04 release, Canonical dropped the
GNOME Shell as the default
desktop environment in favor of
Unity, a graphical interface it first developed for the
netbook edition of Ubuntu.
System requirements
Installation
Ubuntu Desktop 11.04 Live CD
Ubuntu Desktop 11.04 started from the Live CD with the Install window open
Installation of Ubuntu is generally performed with the
Live CD or can be installed via a
Live USB drive. The Ubuntu OS can be run directly from the CD (sometimes with a significant performance loss), allowing a user to "test-drive" the OS for hardware compatibility and driver support. The CD also contains the
Ubiquity installer, which can then guide the user through the permanent installation process.
CD images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site. Installing from the CD requires a minimum of 256
MiB of
RAM.
Users can download a disk image (.iso) of the CD, which can then either be written to a physical medium (CD or DVD), or optionally run directly from a hard drive (via
UNetbootin or
GRUB). Ubuntu is also available on
ARM,
PowerPC,
SPARC, and
IA-64 platforms, although none are officially supported.
Canonical offered Ubuntu
and KubuntuLive installation CDs of the latest distribution of the operating system at no cost (though discontinued as of April 2011), including paid postage for destinations in most countries around the world (via a service called ShipIt). Various third-party programs such as
remastersys and
Reconstructor are available to create customised copies of the Ubuntu Live CDs.
A
Microsoft Windows migration tool, called Migration Assistant (introduced in April 2007), can be used to import bookmarks,
desktop background (wallpaper), and various settings from an existing MS Windows installation into a new Ubuntu installation.
Ubuntu and Kubuntu can be booted and run from a
USB Flash drive (as long as the
BIOS supports booting from USB), with the option of saving settings to the flashdrive. This allows a portable installation that can be run on any PC which is capable of booting from a USB drive. In newer versions of Ubuntu, the
USB creator program is available to install Ubuntu on a
USB drive (with or without a LiveCD disc).
Wubi, which is included as an option on the Live CD, allows Ubuntu to be installed and run from within a virtual Windows
loop device (as a large image file that is managed like any other Windows program via the
Windows Control Panel). This method requires no
partitioning of a Windows user's
hard drive. Wubi also makes use of the Migration Assistant to import users' settings. It also incurs a slight performance loss.
Package classification and support
Ubuntu divides all software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members, but not from
Canonical Ltd.
| Free software | Non-free software |
| Supported | Main | Restricted |
| Unsupported | Universe | Multiverse |
Free software includes only software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,which roughly correspond to the
Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include
firmware and
fonts, in the Main category, because although they are not allowed to be modified, their distribution is otherwise unencumbered.
[citation needed]Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only
graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the
source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use GNU/Linux system.
[citation needed] Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.
In addition to the above, in which the software
does not receive new features after an initial release,
Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for
backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.
The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public. Updates will continue to be available until the end of life for the release.
In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable
-proposed repository contains uploads which must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of
regression. Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.
Canonical's
partner repository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software. The software in the partner repository is officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu
and provides guidance to vendors. The partner repository is disabled by default and can be enabled by the user. Some popular products distributed via the partner repository as of August 2010 are
Adobe Flash Player,
Adobe Reader,
Skype and
Sun Java.
Availability of third-party software
Additionally, third party application suites are available for purchase through the
Canonical web-based store, including software for DVD playback and media codecs.
Releases
| Version | Code name | Release date | Supported until |
| Desktop | Server |
| 4.10 | Warty Warthog | 2004-10-20 | 2006-04-30 |
| 5.04 | Hoary Hedgehog | 2005-04-08 | 2006-10-31 |
| 5.10 | Breezy Badger | 2005-10-13 | 2007-04-13 |
| 6.06 LTS | Dapper Drake | 2006-06-01 | 2009-07-14 | 2011-06-01 |
| 6.10 | Edgy Eft | 2006-10-26 | 2008-04-25 |
| 7.04 | Feisty Fawn | 2007-04-19 | 2008-10-19 |
| 7.10 | Gutsy Gibbon | 2007-10-18 | 2009-04-18 |
| 8.04 LTS | Hardy Heron | 2008-04-24 | 2011-05-12 | 2013-04 |
| 8.10 | Intrepid Ibex | 2008-10-30 | 2010-04-30 |
| 9.04 | Jaunty Jackalope | 2009-04-23 | 2010-10-23 |
| 9.10 | Karmic Koala | 2009-10-29 | 2011-04-30 |
| 10.04 LTS | Lucid Lynx | 2010-04-29 | 2013-04 | 2015-04 |
| 10.10 | Maverick Meerkat | 2010-10-10 | 2012-04 |
| 11.04 | Natty Narwhal | 2011-04-28 | 2012-10 |
| 11.10 | Oneiric Ocelot | 2011-10-13 | 2013-04 |
| Colour | Meaning |
| Red | Release no longer supported |
| Green | Release still supported |
| Blue | Future Release |
Each Ubuntu release has a
version number that consists of the year and month number of the release. For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004. Version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed the version number changes accordingly.
Ubuntu releases are also given
alliterative code names, using an adjective and an animal (e.g., "Dapper Drake" and "Intrepid Ibex"). With the exception of the first three releases, code names are in consecutive alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. "We might skip a few letters, and we'll have to wrap eventually." says Mark Shuttleworth while describing the naming scheme.Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name.
Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases (which in turn are about one month after releases of
X.org). Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with an updated version of both GNOME and X.
Upgrades between releases have to be done from one release to the next release (e.g. Ubuntu 10.04 to Ubuntu 10.10) or from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 8.04 LTS to Ubuntu 10.04 LTS).
The previous release is
10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), released on 10 October 2010 (10/10/10). This is a departure from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October to get "the perfect 10", and a playful reference to
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, since, in
binary, 101010 is equal to
the number 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.
Ubuntu 11.04 was released on 28 April 2011, and is code named "Natty Narwhal". The desktop interface of this release significantly differs from the previous release because beginning with this version, Ubuntu no longer uses GNOME's standard interface by default; 11.04 uses
Unity as the default
desktop environment. It is possible to switch into "classic" GUI but this feature was initially buggy. The new GUI has received strong criticism from some users as too different and less capable than GNOME, while other users have found they prefer the new approach and the minimalism compared to the older desktop paradigm.
Variants
Official Ubuntu editions, which are created and maintained by Canonical and the Ubuntu community and receive full support from Canonical, its partners and the Community, are the following:
- Ubuntu Alternate Edition uses the debian-installer. The alternate install CD allows the user to perform certain specialist installations of Ubuntu. It provides for the following situations: setting up automated deployments; upgrading from older installations without network access; LVM and/or RAID partitioning; installs on systems with less than about 256MB of RAM (although note that low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).
- Ubuntu Desktop Edition, designed for desktop and laptop PCs. The desktop CD allows the user to try Ubuntu without permanently changing the computer, and at the user's option to install it permanently later.
- Ubuntu Netbook Edition, (formerly Ubuntu Netbook Remix) designed for netbooks and other ultra-portables.The Netbook edition allows the user to try Ubuntu Netbook Edition without changing the computer at all, and at the user's option to install it permanently later. This live image is optimized for netbooks with screens up to 10". This image requires 256MB of RAM for installation. Supported processors are i386, Marvell Dove, and Freescale i.MX51. Ubuntu Netbook Edition is set to be discontinued, as the Unity Interface will be used as default in both Desktop and Netbook Editions.
- Ubuntu Server Edition, made for use in servers. The server install CD allows the user to install Ubuntu permanently on a computer for use as a server. It will not install a graphical user interface.
There are many
Ubuntu variants (or derivates) based on the official Ubuntu editions. These Ubuntu variants install a set of packages that differ from the official Ubuntu distributions.
The variants recognized by Canonical as contributing significantly towards the Ubuntu project are the following:
- Edubuntu, a GNOME-based subproject and add-on for Ubuntu, designed for school environments and home users.
- Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using the KDE Plasma Workspaces desktop environment rather than GNOME.
- Mythbuntu, designed for creating a home theater PC with MythTV and uses the Xfce desktop environment.
- Ubuntu Studio, a distribution made for professional video and audio editing, comes with higher-end free editing software and is a DVD .iso image unlike the Live CD the other Ubuntu distributions use.
- Xubuntu, a distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment instead of GNOME, designed to run more efficiently on low-specification computers.
Mythbuntu, Ubuntu Studio, Xubuntu and Gobuntu are not commercially supported by Canonical.
Other variants are created and maintained by individuals and organizations outside of Canonical and they are self governed projects that work more or less closely with the Ubuntu community.Some of the variants, such as
Lubuntu, a lightweight variant using
LXDE, have the explicit goal of earning official endorsement from Canonical.
Ubuntu Server Edition
Ubuntu also offers its operating system in a server edition. The current version is called Ubuntu 10.04 Long Term Support (LTS) release, which means that it guarantees updates for the next five years. The updates will include new iron updates as they come along from X64 chip bakes and server makers, security patches and updates to the Ubuntu stacks. It has all the latest features available from the Linux and open source communities that create software for Linux kernel. “Ubuntu 10.04 Server Edition, also known by the nickname "Lucid Lynx," is based on the Linux 2.6.32 kernel. The kernel is hardened with a number of features, including memory protection, module loading blocking, and address space layout randomization, and it also has feature support for the latest Xeon 5600 and 7500 processors from Intel and the current Opteron 6100s and impending Opteron 4100s from Advanced Micro Devices.” The list of current validated hardware manufactures but is not limited to include:
Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Oracle, Lenovo, HCL, System76, Etc.
Ubuntu 10.04 Server Edition will also run on
VMware ESX Server, Oracle's
VirtualBox and VM, and Citrix Systems XenServer hypervisors. There is a security feature called AppArmor which is turned on by default on key software packages, and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating system. The home and Private directories are also encrypted. The 10.04 server version includes MySQL 5.1, Tomcat 6, OpenJDK 6, Samba 3.4, Nagios 3, PHP 5.3, Python 2.6. Many of its services only take 30 minutes to configure.
Ubuntu 10.04 LTS Server Edition supports two major architectures: Intel x86 and AMD64. The server edition provides features such file/print services, web hosting, email hosting, etc. There are a few differences between the Ubuntu Server Edition and the Ubuntu Desktop Edition although both use the same apt repositories. The main differences between the two editions are the lack of X window environment in the server edition, installing process and Kernel options. For example, the server edition installation process does not include graphical installation process; instead everything is done from the console menu based process.
[80]Ubuntu Server is also of course, free of charge. Users can choose to pay for consulting and technical support. Annual support contract with 9x5 business hour support is about $750 per server, and a contract covering 24x7 over a year costs $1,200.
Cloud computing
Ubuntu Server Edition offers technology and resources to make a
private or public cloud. Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud (UEC) provides virtualization capability, applications and flexibility to help deploy a cloud within an organization.It consists of the
Eucalyptus, a cloud-computing architecture, which is interface-compatible with Amazon’s cloud system. It could also support any number of cloud providers. A UEC setup consists of a front-end computer—a "controller" -- and one or more "node" systems. The nodes use either
KVM or
Xen virtualization technology. Important to note, that you cannot just use any old OS image, or any old Linux image. It has to be specially prepared for use in UEC.
Hardware Requirements
Each of the node computers needs to be able to perform hardware-accelerated virtualization via the Intel VT spec. The node controller does not need to be VT-enabled, but it helps. In both cases, a 64-bit system is strongly recommended. Both nodes and node controller should be dedicated systems: they should not be used for any other functionality. Canonical's recommendations are 512MB - 2GB of memory and 40GB - 200GB storage for the controller, and 1 - 4GB of RAM and 40 - 100GB of storage for the nodes.
Development
The Ubuntu Developer Summit (UDS) is a gathering of software developers which occurs prior to the release of a new public version of Ubuntu.
At the beginning of a new development cycle, Ubuntu developers from around the world gather to help shape and scope the next release of Ubuntu. The summit is open to the public, but it is not a conference, exhibition or other audience-oriented event. Rather, it is an opportunity for Ubuntu developers, who usually collaborate online, to work together in person on specific tasks.
Reception
Chris Kenyon, vice president for OEM at
Canonical Ltd., indicates that because of a lack of registration, any numbers provided for Ubuntu distributions should be treated as estimates. Nevertheless, a number of estimates and the results of surveys have been provided. In an August 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3% of respondents claiming to use it. In January 2009,
The New York Times reported that Ubuntu had over ten million users. In June 2009
ZDNet reported, "Worldwide, there are 13 million active Ubuntu users with use growing faster than any other distribution.", though Kenyon provided a more conservative estimate of 12 million users in April 2010.
Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005
LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London, received favorable reviews in online and print publications, and has won
InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for
Best Open Source Client OS. In early 2008
PC World named Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager.
The public sector has also made use of Ubuntu. The Ministry of Education and Science of the
Republic of Macedonia deployed more than 180,000 Ubuntu GNU/Linux based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations. In the beginning of 2008, having successfully deployed 13,000
Fedora Linux systems in schools in the
Philippines, ASI, an independent Linux consultant company, was contracted to provide 10,000 Ubuntu systems for schools. The
French police, having already started using open source software in 2005 by replacing
Microsoft Office with
OpenOffice.org, decided to transition to Ubuntu from
Windows XP after the release of
Windows Vista in 2006. By March 2009, the
Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5000 workstations to Ubuntu. Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch 15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015. Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities.
In 2008,
Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series
Mythbusters, advocated Linux (specifically giving the example of Ubuntu) as an alternative to proprietary software, citing
software bloat as a major hurdle in proprietary operating systems.Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer and open content proponent
Cory Doctorow.
Local Communities (LoCos)
In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities,better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably, the United States, each state or province may establish a team. A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to either aid in the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.
Vendor support
A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including
Hasee,
Dell,
Tesco, OP3, Gliese IT, System76,
Sharp Corporation and the South African company Bravium Computers. Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical. Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for
ATI Video Graphics, Dell Wireless,
Fingerprint Readers,
HDMI,
Bluetooth,
DVD playback (using
LinDVD), and
MP3/
WMA/
WMV.
Asus is also selling some
Asus Eee PCs with Ubuntu pre-installed, namely the
1001PXD,
1011PX and
1015PX models, announcing that "many more" Eee PC models running Ubuntu will be available in 2011.
sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_%28operating_system%29
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